Deficitby President: What Budget Deficits Hide
ByDollar and Percent
WhichPresident ran the largest
budgetdeficits? There are two ways to answer that question. The mostpopular way is to add up the deficits for each year the President wasin office. But a President doesn’t control the first year’sdeficit. The previous President and Congress already approvedthat
federalbudget. That's because the Federal government's
fiscalyear runs from October 1 through September 30.
Asa result, a new President has no influence on the deficit forJanuary through September 30 of that first year.
So,the best way is to look at the budget each President created. Then add the deficits for those budgets. That reflects thePresident's priorities in black and white. It measures the impact of
deficit spending and tax changes in dollars and cents.
5 Factors That Influence the Deficit
ThePresident is ultimately responsible for the budget deficit. But thereare five influential factors.
First, thePresident has no control over the
mandatorybudget or its deficit. That includes Socia lSecurity and Medicare benefits. They are the twobiggest expenses any President has. The mandatory budget estimates what these programs will cost. The Acts of Congress that created the programs also mandate the spending. Unless the President can get Congress to remove or change them, he's got to live with that spending.
Second,the Constitution gave
Congress,not the President, the power to control spending. The President’s budget is starting point. Each house of Congress prepares a
discretionary spending budget. They combine them into the final budget that the President reviews and signs. For more, see
Budget Process
Third, each President inherits many of his predecessors' policies. For example, every President suffered from lower revenue. That's aresult of President Reagan's and President Bush's
taxcuts. Presidents who raise taxes quickly become unpopular. Asa result, tax cuts rarely disappear.
Fourth,some Presidents had to deal with catastrophic events. President Obama responded to the worst
recession sincethe Great Depression. President Bush reacted to the
9/11terrorist attack and
Hurricane Katrina. Their required responses came with economic price tags.
Fifth, each year's
deficitadds to the debt. But the total amount added to the debteach year is usually more than the deficit. That's because Presidents can "borrow" from the
SocialSecurity Trust Fund. That's the largest of the federal retirementfunds that run a surplus. That makes the deficit smaller than what'sadded to the debt. For example, President Bush's stated budgetdeficits totaled $3.294 trillion. But he added $5.849 trillionto the debt.
He borrowed the rest from Social Security in an
off-budget transaction.See
HowMuch Each President Contributed to the Debt.
President Barack Obama
PresidentObama has the largest deficits. By the end of hisfinal budget (FY 2017), his deficits will total$6.616 trillion. Obama took office during the GreatRecession. He immediately needed to spend billions to stop it.
He convinced Congress to add the $787 billion
economic stimulus package to Bush’s FY 2009 budget. It added$253 billion to the FY 2009 budget. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act added the remaining $534 billion over the rest of Obama’s terms.
In2010, the
Obama tax cut added $858 billion to the debt in its first twoyears. Obama increased
defense spending, adding as much as $800 billion a year.
Federal income decreased due to lower tax receipts from the
2008financial crisis.
BothPresidents Bush and Obama suffered from
higher mandatory spending than their predecessors did. SocialSecurity and Medicare benefits eating up more of the budget. That'sbecause
healthcare costs were rising as the American population aged. In 2010,Obama launched the
PatientProtection and Affordable Care Act. It sought to reduce healthcare spending. That would lower the debt by $143 billion by 2020. Formore, see
National Debt Under Obama.
President George W. Bush
President Bush is next, racking up $3.293 trillion over two terms. Heresponded to the
attackson 9/11 with the
Waron Terror. That sent military spending to a higher level of $600billion a year. The
Bushtax cuts, also known as
EGTRRA and
JGTRRA,cut taxes to address the 2001 recession. Unfortunately, the cutsdid not sunset when the recession was over. That worsened thehousing boom and depleted revenues during the 2008 recession. Heattacked the
2008financial crisis with the
$700billion bailout. Congress added it to the mandatory budget.There it became the Troubled Asset Relief Program (
TARP).
President Ronald Reagan
President Reagan added $1.412 trillion in deficits, nearly doubling the debt. He fought the 1982 recession by cutting the top income tax rate from 70 percent to 28 percent. Reagan cut the corporate rate from 48 percent to 34 percent. He also increased
government spending by 2.5 percent a year. That included a 35 percent increase in the defense budget and an expansion of Medicare.
President George H.W. Bush
PresidentGeorge H.W. Bush created a $1.03 trillion deficit in one term. Heresponded to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait with Desert Storm. He oversawthe $125 billion bailout that ended the
1989Savings and Loan crisis. The 1991 recession cut into
taxrevenue.
Whilemost U.S. presidents over the past 75 years
haverun budget deficitsfor many if not all of their years in office, there are four whosedeficits have far exceeded those of their peers. The four presidentswho have run the largest deficits are, in order from most to least,Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.
Thereare two ways to look at the U.S.
budgetdeficitwhen determining which president has run the largest deficit. Thefirst is to look at each president's term or terms in office, totalthe deficits run over the course of their four or eight years andbase your conclusions on those numbers. According to this method,Barack Obama's budget is projected to run a deficit of $7.3 trillionover his eight years, making him the president with the largestbudget deficit. George W. Bush is second, with a deficit of $3.29trillion over his eight years. Ronald Reagan is third at $1.412trillion deficit in eight years and George H.W. Bush comes in fourthwith a $1.03 trillion deficit in his single term.
Whiletotaling the deficit over each president's term to see who has runthe largest deficit seems to be common sense on the surface, theresponsibility for the budget is not so black and white a question.For one thing, Congress has to vote to approve the U.S. budget andthe allocation of government spending for things such as
economicstimuluspackages or affordable health care that add to the deficit. Foranother, mandatory spending is automatically built into the budgetfor national programs such as
SocialSecurity,welfare and Medicare. These programs are acts of Congress and wouldrequire further acts to amend or eliminate them. The federal fiscalyear runs from October 1 to September 30; for the first nine months anew president is in office, he is working with the budget laid downby his predecessor.
Thelaws governing the federal
fiscalyearare the reason that a second way to look at budget deficits is on ayear-by-year basis. In years when a new president is elected, thereare two plans at work: the old plan laid out by the previousadministration and the new plan brought in by the new president. Thesingle largest budget deficit in U.S. history happened during such ayear; the 2009 fiscal year clocked a $1.412 trillion deficit. For thefirst third of that year, President George W. Bush was in office,while for the last eight months, Barack Obama took the White House.In October 2008, after Bush's budget was approved for the 2009 fiscalyear, the Dow dropped dramatically, recording three of its 10worst-ever days in a single month. After Obama took office, fears ofa looming
recessionencouraged Congress to pass an economic stimulus package, immediatelyadding a further $253 billion to Bush's already-approved budget, andmaking the $1.412 trillion deficit the work of two administrations.